Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd. company cases

In the construction of laboratories, the water supply and drainage systems are just like the blood vessels and urinary system of the human body. The rationality and scientific nature of their construction standards are directly related to the normal operation of the laboratory, the accuracy of experimental results, and environmental safety. Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd. has been always committed to creating high-quality supporting facilities for various laboratories. Today, let's explore in depth the construction standards for water supply and drainage systems in laboratory construction. I. Construction Standards for the Water Supply System (I) Water Source Selection and Water Quality Requirements   The water sources for laboratory water supply usually include municipal tap water, water prepared by pure water systems, and special experimental water (such as deionized water, ultrapure water, etc.). Municipal tap water should meet the national sanitary standards for drinking water and satisfy the basic water requirements for general experiments, such as the preliminary cleaning of instruments and equipment and the preparation of water for non-critical experiments. For some experiments with higher requirements for water quality, such as high-precision analytical tests, cell culture, and gene sequencing, it is necessary to rely on pure water systems to prepare pure water or ultrapure water that meets specific indicators such as resistivity and microorganism content. For example, in the cell culture experiments in a biopharmaceutical laboratory, ultrapure water with a resistivity of not less than 18.2 MΩ·cm is required to avoid the interference of impurities in water on cell growth. (II) Materials and Installation of Water Supply Pipes   The selection of materials for water supply pipes is of vital importance. For municipal tap water pipes, galvanized steel pipes or PPR pipes with good corrosion resistance and high compressive strength can be used. While for pure water pipes, inert materials such as PFA (Perfluoroalkoxy resin) pipes or PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) pipes should be adopted to prevent the pipe materials from contaminating the pure water quality. In terms of pipe installation, the principles of being horizontal and vertical with a reasonable slope should be followed to ensure smooth water flow in the pipes and avoid water accumulation or dead zones. Meanwhile, the sealing work of the pipes should be done well to prevent water leakage. Especially in the pure water piping system, even a tiny leakage may lead to a decline in water quality. (III) Water Pressure and Flow Rate Control   Different areas in the laboratory and experimental equipment have different requirements for water pressure and flow rate. Generally speaking, in areas where instruments and equipment are concentrated, sufficient water pressure and flow rate should be ensured to meet the needs of the normal operation of the equipment. For example, some large liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined instruments require a stable high water pressure to ensure the delivery of the mobile phase during operation. To this end, booster pumps and pressure stabilizing devices can be installed in the water supply system to adjust the water pressure and flow rate according to the actual needs. At the same time, water pressure monitoring equipment should be equipped to monitor the changes in water pressure in real time. When the water pressure is abnormal, an alarm should be sent out in time and corresponding measures should be taken. (IV) Purification and Disinfection of the Water Supply System   To ensure the stability and safety of the water supply quality, the water supply system needs to be equipped with corresponding purification and disinfection facilities. For municipal tap water, activated carbon filters can be used to remove impurities such as residual chlorine and organic substances in the water, and then ultraviolet sterilizers can be used for sterilization. While pure water systems usually contain multi-stage filtration devices, such as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes and ion exchange resins, to remove various ions, particles, and microorganisms in the water. In addition, regular cleaning and disinfection of the water supply system are also essential. Chemical disinfectants or high-temperature steam can be used to remove dirt and sources of microorganism growth in the pipes. II. Construction Standards for the Drainage System (I) Materials and Layout of Drainage Pipes   The materials of drainage pipes should have the characteristics of corrosion resistance and acid-base resistance. Commonly used ones include UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) pipes and PP pipes. In terms of layout, it should be reasonably designed according to the functional areas of the laboratory and the direction of drainage to ensure smooth drainage and avoid backflow. Different types of laboratory wastewater should be collected separately. For example, wastewater containing heavy metal ions, organic wastewater, and acid-base wastewater should be discharged into corresponding wastewater treatment facilities through independent drainage pipes respectively. In some chemical laboratories, special waste liquid collection barrels will be set up. High-concentration and dangerous waste liquids will be collected first and then treated centrally, while general experimental wastewater can be directly discharged into the drainage pipes. (II) Drainage Slope and Trap Setting   Drainage pipes should have a certain slope, generally not less than 0.5%, to ensure that the wastewater can be naturally discharged by gravity. Meanwhile, to prevent the backflow of odors and harmful gases from sewers into the laboratory, trap devices should be set at each drain outlet of the drainage pipes. The depth of the trap is usually not less than 50 millimeters. For example, installing an S-shaped or P-shaped water trap under the drain outlet of the laboratory sink is a common trap method. In some special experimental areas, such as laboratories involving highly toxic and volatile substances, the sealing and reliability of the trap should be strengthened. Measures such as double traps or increasing the depth of the trap can be adopted. (III) Wastewater Treatment and Discharge   Laboratory wastewater must be treated before discharge to meet the national or local environmental protection discharge standards. For general acid-base wastewater, the neutralization method can be used to adjust the pH value of the wastewater to between 6 and 9. For wastewater containing heavy metal ions, technologies such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange can be used to remove the heavy metal ions. The treated wastewater should be monitored for water quality to ensure that it meets the standards before being discharged into the municipal sewage network. In some large scientific research laboratories or areas with high environmental requirements, special laboratory wastewater treatment stations will be built, adopting a combination of multiple treatment processes to conduct in-depth treatment of various types of laboratory wastewater to minimize the impact on the environment. (IV) Maintenance and Inspection of the Drainage System   Regular maintenance and inspection of the drainage system are the keys to ensuring its normal operation. It is necessary to check whether there are blockages or leaks in the drainage pipes, whether the trap devices are intact, and whether the wastewater treatment facilities are operating normally. Inspection methods such as regular patrols, pressure tests, and water quality tests can be adopted. Once problems are found, they should be repaired and dealt with in time to avoid laboratory environmental pollution or experiment interruption caused by drainage system failures. For example, the drainage pipes can be dredged and inspected once a month, and the operating parameters of the wastewater treatment facilities can be calibrated and tested once a quarter to ensure that the drainage system is always in good working condition. III. Linkage and Monitoring of the Water Supply and Drainage Systems   To improve the operation efficiency and safety of the laboratory water supply and drainage systems, an automated control system can be adopted to achieve the linkage and monitoring of the two. Sensors are used to monitor parameters such as water supply pressure, flow rate, water quality, drainage flow rate, and water level in real time, and the data is transmitted to the central control system. The central control system automatically adjusts the operation of water supply pumps, the opening of valves, and the working state of wastewater treatment facilities according to preset programs and parameter ranges. For example, when the water level in the drainage pipe is too high, the control system can automatically reduce the water supply flow rate to prevent laboratory water accumulation caused by poor drainage. When the quality of pure water is abnormal, the control system can promptly stop the operation of the pure water preparation system and send an alarm to notify maintenance personnel to handle it. Meanwhile, a remote monitoring function can also be set up, enabling laboratory managers to know the operation status of the water supply and drainage systems at any time and anywhere through mobile phones or computers and deal with problems in time. IV. Conclusion   The construction standards for the water supply and drainage systems in laboratory construction are multifaceted and meticulous. From water source selection to pipe materials, from water pressure and flow rate control to wastewater treatment and discharge, every link needs to be strictly controlled. Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd., relying on its rich experience and professional technical team, can provide all-round construction solutions for the water supply and drainage systems in laboratories, ensuring the safe, stable, and efficient operation of the water supply and drainage systems in laboratories and laying a solid foundation for the smooth progress of various experimental research work. If you have any questions or needs regarding the water supply and drainage systems in laboratory construction, please feel free to contact us, and we will serve you wholeheartedly.

In the field of instrument and meter production, the construction quality of cleanrooms is directly related to the precision, stability, and reliability of products. To meet the stringent environmental requirements in the production process of instruments and meters, a complete and strict set of construction standards for cleanrooms is essential. This article will elaborate on the construction standards for cleanrooms in instrument and meter production in detail, helping relevant enterprises create high-quality production environments. I. Workshop Location and Layout (I) Key Points for Location Selection   Cleanrooms should preferably be located in areas with low atmospheric dust concentration, a good natural environment, and far away from pollution sources, such as traffic arteries, factory chimneys, and waste disposal sites. Meanwhile, the supporting infrastructure around should be considered, including a stable power supply, an adequate water source, and a convenient transportation network to ensure the smooth progress of production and operation. For example, in some high-tech industrial parks, the overall planning has high requirements for environmental quality and complete infrastructure, making them ideal locations for constructing cleanrooms for instrument and meter production. (II) Layout Planning   The internal layout of the workshop should be reasonably designed according to the production process flow of instruments and meters, following the principle of separating the flow of people and materials to avoid cross-contamination. Generally, it can be divided into different functional areas such as the clean production area, the auxiliary area, and the personnel purification area. The clean production area is the core area and should be located in the center of the workshop, with the auxiliary area, such as the material temporary storage room and the equipment maintenance room, set around it. The personnel purification area is set at the entrance of the workshop, and personnel need to go through a series of purification procedures such as changing clothes, changing shoes, washing hands, and air showering before entering the clean production area. In addition, there should be a reasonable pressure difference gradient between areas with different cleanliness levels. For example, areas with a high cleanliness level should maintain a positive pressure relative to those with a low cleanliness level to prevent the inflow of polluted air. II. Selection of Decoration Materials for Cleanrooms (I) Wall and Ceiling Materials   Walls and ceilings should be made of materials that are smooth, flat, not easy to accumulate dust, and have good antibacterial and antistatic properties. Color steel plates are commonly used. They have the advantages of being lightweight, high-strength, heat-insulating, and easy to install. The surface coating can effectively prevent dust adhesion and bacteria growth and can also provide certain antistatic functions. In some instrument and meter production workshops with extremely high antistatic requirements, such as those for electronic measuring instrument production, antistatic color steel plates can be used to further reduce the potential harm of static electricity to products. (II) Floor Materials   Floor materials need to have properties such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance, anti-slip, and easy cleaning. Epoxy self-leveling floors are a commonly used option. They can form seamless and flat floors, effectively preventing dust from accumulating in gaps. At the same time, their good chemical stability can withstand the erosion of chemical reagents that may appear during the production process. For areas with special antistatic requirements, antistatic epoxy self-leveling floors can be used to ensure that static electricity can be discharged in a timely manner, ensuring the safety and stability of instrument and meter production. III. Design of the Purification Air Conditioning System (I) Air Volume and Air Change Rate   According to the cleanliness level of the workshop and the requirements of the production process, appropriate air volume and air change rate should be determined. Generally speaking, the higher the cleanliness level, the more air changes are required. For example, for an ISO 5 cleanroom, the air change rate may be as high as 20 - 50 times per hour; while for an ISO 7 cleanroom, the air change rate is usually around 15 - 25 times per hour. A reasonable air volume and air change rate can effectively ensure the air cleanliness in the workshop and promptly remove pollutants and heat generated during the production process. (II) Filtration System   The purification air conditioning system should be equipped with multi-stage filtration devices, including primary filters, medium-efficiency filters, and high-efficiency filters. The primary filter mainly filters large particulate dust in the air, such as hair and fibers; the medium-efficiency filter further intercepts medium-sized dust particles; the high-efficiency filter has extremely high filtering efficiency for tiny particulate pollutants, such as dust particles smaller than 0.5μm and microorganisms, and is a key link in ensuring that the workshop reaches a high cleanliness level. In some instrument and meter production processes with extremely strict requirements for air quality, such as the assembly workshop for high-precision optical instruments, ultra-high-efficiency filters (ULPA) may even be used to ensure that the content of particles in the air is extremely low. (III) Temperature and Humidity Control   Instrument and meter production has relatively strict requirements for temperature and humidity. Generally, the temperature should be controlled between 20°C and 26°C, and the relative humidity should be controlled between 45% and 65%. The purification air conditioning system adjusts the temperature and humidity parameters of the air precisely through functional modules such as cooling, heating, humidifying, and dehumidifying, using advanced PID control algorithms based on the feedback signals from the temperature and humidity sensors in the workshop to ensure the stability of the temperature and humidity in the workshop. For example, in some instrument and meter production processes that are sensitive to humidity, such as the calibration workshop for humidity sensors, precise humidity control can effectively improve the calibration accuracy and reliability of products. IV. Requirements for Lighting and Electrical Systems (I) Lighting System   The lighting in cleanrooms should use dust-free, glare-free, evenly illuminated, and energy-efficient lamps. Generally, clean fluorescent lamps or LED lamps are chosen. The lamp shades should be made of materials that are not easy to accumulate dust and have good sealing performance to prevent dust from entering the interior of the lamps and affecting the lighting effect. The illumination brightness should meet the needs of production operations. Different areas can set different illumination standards according to their functional requirements. For example, the illumination in the production operation area is generally between 300 and 500 lx, while the illumination in the inspection area may need to reach 500 - 1000 lx. (II) Electrical System   The electrical system should be safe, reliable, and stable. Wires and cables should be made of flame-retardant materials and be reasonably wired to avoid exposed lines that may cause dust accumulation and safety hazards. Electrical equipment such as distribution boxes and switches should be installed in non-clean areas or adopt sealing protection measures to prevent dust and static electricity from affecting them. Meanwhile, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) should be equipped to deal with sudden power outages and ensure the normal operation of production equipment and the safe storage of data. Especially for some instrument and meter production equipment involving automated control and data processing, the role of UPS is particularly important. V. Water Supply, Drainage and Pure Water Systems (I) Water Supply and Drainage System   Water supply and drainage pipes should be made of materials that are corrosion-resistant and not easy to scale, such as stainless steel pipes or PPR pipes. The water supply pipeline should ensure that the water quality meets the standards for domestic drinking water and that the water pressure is stable. The drainage system should be designed with a reasonable slope and the location of drainage outlets to ensure that the wastewater generated during the production process can be discharged from the workshop in a timely and smooth manner. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent the backflow of wastewater to cause pollution. In some instrument and meter production processes with special drainage requirements, such as workshops involving heavy metal wastewater discharge, special wastewater treatment facilities need to be set up to pretreat the wastewater so that it can meet the environmental protection discharge standards before being discharged. (II) Pure Water System   For some key processes in instrument and meter production, such as chip cleaning and optical lens coating, high-purity water is required. The pure water system should adopt appropriate water production processes according to the requirements of the production process for water quality, such as a combination of technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO), ion exchange, and ultrafiltration to produce pure water that meets the requirements. For example, for chip manufacturing workshops, the resistivity of pure water is usually required to reach above 18.2 MΩ·cm. The pure water system should also be equipped with water quality monitoring devices to monitor water quality parameters in real time to ensure the stability and reliability of pure water quality. VI. Antistatic and Microbial Control Measures (I) Antistatic Measures   In addition to selecting antistatic decoration materials, an electrostatic grounding system should also be set up in the workshop to ensure that all metal equipment, pipelines, workbenches, etc. are reliably grounded so that static electricity can be discharged in a timely manner. Personnel need to wear antistatic work clothes, antistatic shoes and other protective equipment when entering the workshop and use electrostatic eliminators to eliminate the static electricity carried by the human body. In some instrument and meter production processes that are extremely sensitive to static electricity, such as the packaging workshop for electronic chips, ion fans and other equipment may also be used to further neutralize the electrostatic charges in the air and minimize the impact of static electricity on products. (II) Microbial Control Measures   To control the number of microorganisms in the workshop, in addition to filtering microorganisms in the air through the purification air conditioning system, it is also necessary to regularly clean and disinfect the workshop. Methods such as ultraviolet disinfection and chemical disinfectant disinfection can be adopted. For example, after work, turn on the ultraviolet lamps to irradiate and disinfect the workshop; regularly use appropriate chemical disinfectants to wipe and disinfect the floor, walls, and equipment surfaces every week. Meanwhile, the entry of personnel and materials should be strictly controlled to prevent the introduction of external microorganisms. Personnel need to disinfect their hands before entering the workshop, and materials need to be disinfected or packaged aseptically before entering the workshop. VII. Conclusion   The construction of cleanrooms for instrument and meter production is a complex and systematic project that needs to strictly follow the above construction standards. Every link, from location selection and layout to the design and implementation of each system, is crucial. Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd. specializes in the field of cleanroom construction, has rich experience and a professional technical team, and can provide all-round cleanroom construction solutions for instrument and meter production enterprises to ensure that they produce high-quality and high-precision instrument and meter products to meet the growing market demand. If you have any questions or needs regarding the construction of cleanrooms for instrument and meter production, please feel free to contact us, and we will serve you wholeheartedly.

In high-end industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, biomedicine, and precision electronics, the control of environmental parameters in cleanrooms directly affects product quality and the reliability of scientific research results. The MAU (Make-up Air Unit) + FFU (Fan Filter Unit) + DCC (Dry Coil Unit) system, as the mainstream air purification solution for cleanrooms, has become a key support for achieving stringent clean environments due to its flexible and efficient control characteristics. This article will delve into the core control technologies of this system, revealing how it creates a stable and precise clean space through multi-dimensional collaborative operations. I. Overview of the MAU + FFU + DCC System The MAU + FFU + DCC system is an integrated air treatment and circulation system where each component performs its specific functions while collaborating seamlessly: MAU is responsible for preprocessing fresh air, including temperature and humidity adjustment, primary filtration, and fresh air supply; FFU, as the core of end-stage purification, ensures particle control in clean areas through high-efficiency filtration and directional air supply; DCC precisely regulates indoor sensible heat loads to maintain temperature field uniformity. This architecture of "fresh air preprocessing + end-stage purification + sensible heat fine-tuning" not only meets the cleanroom's demand for fresh air but also achieves refined management of environmental parameters through hierarchical control, offering better energy efficiency and flexibility compared to traditional centralized air conditioning systems. II. Key Points of System Control (I) Temperature Control: Precision Regulation through Multi-module Collaboration Temperature fluctuations are a critical factor affecting precision manufacturing—for example, in semiconductor lithography processes, a temperature difference of 0.1°C can cause deviations in chip pattern transfer. The MAU + FFU + DCC system achieves micro-level temperature control accuracy through three-level collaborative control: Basic temperature control by MAU: Adopts an adaptive PID algorithm to dynamically adjust the water flow or refrigerant flow of heating/cooling coils based on real-time temperature feedback in the cleanroom, stabilizing the fresh air temperature within the set range (usually with an accuracy of ±0.5°C); Indirect regulation by FFU: Although not directly involved in temperature control, its air volume distribution affects indoor air flow organization. By optimizing FFU layout (such as matrix-style uniform arrangement) and wind speed settings (typically 0.3-0.5m/s), local temperature gradients can be reduced; Sensible heat compensation by DCC: Targeting local heat sources generated by equipment operation (such as lithography machines and bioreactors), real-time offset of sensible heat loads is achieved by adjusting chilled water flow, ensuring that the temperature uniformity error in clean areas is ≤±0.2°C. Application Case: In the lithography workshop of a 12-inch wafer fab, through the linkage control of MAU and DCC, temperature fluctuations are strictly limited within ±0.1°C, improving chip yield by approximately 3%. (II) Humidity Control: Balancing Anti-condensation and Process Stability High humidity can cause equipment corrosion, while low humidity may lead to static electricity—humidity control needs to balance process requirements and equipment protection: Main adjustment function of MAU: Integrates steam/electrode humidification modules and condensation/rotary dehumidification modules, automatically switching modes based on real-time humidity (with an accuracy of ±2%RH). For example, in pharmaceutical freeze-drying workshops, humidity needs to be stabilized at 30-40%RH to prevent drug moisture absorption; Auxiliary uniform distribution by FFU: Eliminates local high-humidity areas through air circulation, especially in corner areas of cleanrooms, to avoid microbial growth caused by uneven humidity; Linkage control logic: When MAU detects that humidity deviates from the set value, it will first adjust fresh air humidity, and DCC will cooperate to reduce the coil surface temperature (needs to be 1-2°C higher than the dew point to prevent condensation), forming a closed-loop control. (III) Cleanliness Management: Full-process Filtration from Source to End Cleanliness is the core indicator of cleanrooms, which needs to be achieved through hierarchical filtration and air flow organization: Preprocessing by MAU: Uses G4 primary and F8 medium-efficiency filters to intercept particles of PM10 and above in fresh air, reducing the load on end-stage filtration; End-stage purification by FFU: Equipped with HEPA (filtration efficiency ≥99.97% for 0.3μm particles) or ULPA (filtration efficiency ≥99.999% for 0.12μm particles) filters, ensuring that the air supplied to clean areas meets ISO Class 5 (Class 100) or higher standards; Optimization of air flow organization: Forms vertical unidirectional flow through uniform arrangement of FFUs (coverage rate is usually 60-100%), "pressing out" pollutants from clean areas, and cooperates with return air outlet design to achieve a "piston effect" and avoid air flow dead zones. Data Reference: In electronic chip cleanrooms, when the operating wind speed of FFUs is stabilized at 0.45m/s, the number of particles ≥0.5μm in each cubic foot of air can be controlled below 35 (meeting ISO Class 5 standards). (IV) Pressure Control: A Critical Barrier Against Cross-contamination Pressure gradient is the core for maintaining "unidirectional flow" between clean areas and the outside, as well as between areas with different cleanliness levels: Fresh air volume adjustment by MAU: Real-time monitoring of pressure differences between clean and non-clean areas (usually 10-30Pa) through differential pressure sensors, and dynamically adjusting fresh air volume in linkage with variable frequency fans to ensure a positive pressure environment (preventing the intrusion of external pollution); Hierarchical pressure design: A pressure difference of 5-10Pa needs to be set between areas with different cleanliness levels (such as ISO Class 5 and ISO Class 7) to avoid air from low-cleanliness areas entering high-cleanliness areas; Emergency protection mechanism: When the pressure difference is lower than the set threshold, the system will automatically trigger an audible and visual alarm and start a backup fan to maintain pressure, preventing production interruption. III. In-depth Application of Intelligent Control Technologies Traditional cleanroom control relies on manual inspection and manual adjustment, which is difficult to cope with dynamic load changes. The MAU + FFU + DCC system achieves "unmanned" precise management through intelligent upgrading: Centralized monitoring platform: Based on PLC or DCS systems, integrating more than 30 parameters such as MAU temperature and humidity, FFU operating status, and DCC water flow into the HMI interface, supporting real-time data visualization and historical curve query; Adaptive adjustment algorithm: When detecting the start or stop of production equipment (such as sudden increase in heat load caused by the start of semiconductor etching machines), the system can automatically adjust MAU coil flow and DCC output within 10 seconds to maintain parameter stability; Predictive maintenance: By analyzing data such as FFU fan current and filter differential pressure, early warning of equipment failures (such as filter blockage and motor aging) is provided to avoid sudden shutdowns; Energy consumption optimization: Adopting AI algorithms to dynamically match fresh air volume with indoor load, saving 20-30% energy compared to traditional systems, which is particularly suitable for long-term operation of large cleanrooms. IV. System Commissioning and Optimization: The Key Step from Qualification to Excellence A high-quality MAU + FFU + DCC system requires strict commissioning procedures to achieve optimal performance: Single-machine commissioning MAU: Test fan frequency conversion range (usually 30-100Hz), initial filter resistance (should be ≤10% of the design value), and temperature and humidity adjustment response speed; FFU: Inspect each unit for wind speed uniformity (deviation ≤±10%), filter integrity (through scan leak detection), and noise level (should be ≤65dB); DCC: Verify water flow adjustment accuracy (±5%) and coil heat exchange efficiency. Linkage commissioning Simulate extreme working conditions (such as high-temperature and high-humidity weather in summer, full-load operation of equipment) to test and adjust the system's control effects on temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and pressure; Use precision equipment such as particle counters (minimum detectable particle size 0.1μm) and temperature-humidity data loggers (sampling interval 10s) to record data from over 50 monitoring points in the cleanroom; Optimize PID parameters (such as proportional coefficient Kp, integral time Ti), and adjust air volume and water flow parameters of MAU, FFU, and DCC to ensure temperature adjustment overshoot ≤0.3℃ and humidity recovery time ≤5min. Continuous optimization Establish an energy consumption model based on operating data, dynamically adjusting the number of operating FFUs (20-30% can be shut down under non-full load conditions); Regularly replace filters (primary filters every 1-3 months, medium-efficiency filters every 6-12 months, high-efficiency filters every 2-3 years) to maintain stable system resistance. Conclusion: Technology Empowering Clean Manufacturing The control technology of the MAU + FFU + DCC system is the core support for modern cleanrooms to move from "compliance operation" to "lean management". Through multi-dimensional collaborative control of temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and pressure, combined with in-depth empowerment of intelligent technologies, the system can provide a stable and reliable clean environment for high-end manufacturing and scientific research activities. As a service provider specializing in cleanroom technology, we always aim for "parameter precision, operational energy efficiency, and management intelligence", providing customers with full-process solutions from system design and equipment selection to commissioning and optimization. If you encounter technical difficulties or have needs in cleanroom environmental control, please feel free to contact us—we will use our professional experience to help your production and scientific research activities reach new heights.

In the field of industrial production, the waste heat recovery system of air compressors is playing an increasingly important role. It not only effectively utilizes energy and reduces the operating costs of enterprises but also meets the requirements of environmental protection and energy conservation in the current era. And the calculation of the water production capacity in air compressor waste heat recovery is a key indicator for measuring the efficiency of this system. This article will explore in depth the algorithm standards for water production capacity in air compressor waste heat recovery to help you better understand and apply this technology. I. Principle of Air Compressor Waste Heat Recovery   During the operation of an air compressor, most of the electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy for compressing air, and a part of the energy is dissipated in the form of heat, causing the temperature of the compressed air to rise significantly. The air compressor waste heat recovery system is based on this principle. Through a heat exchange device, the heat in the high-temperature compressed air or lubricating oil is transferred to cold water, so that the cold water is heated up and hot water is generated. This hot water can be widely used in scenarios such as domestic water and process water heating in factories, realizing the secondary utilization of energy. II. Key Factors Affecting Water Production Capacity (I) Power and Operating Time of the Air Compressor   The higher the power of the air compressor, the more heat it will generate per unit time. The longer the operating time, the higher the total accumulated heat will be. For example, the recoverable heat generated by a 55kW air compressor running continuously for 8 hours is bound to be more than that of a 37kW air compressor running for 4 hours, and the corresponding potential water production capacity will also be higher. (II) Heat Recovery Rate   Even if the air compressor generates a large amount of heat, if the efficiency of the heat recovery device is low, the actual recovered heat will be greatly reduced. High-efficiency heat exchangers and reasonable system designs can improve the heat recovery rate, enabling more heat to be transferred to cold water and thus increasing the water production capacity. Generally speaking, the heat recovery rate of a high-quality waste heat recovery system can reach 70% - 90%. (III) Inlet Water Temperature and Target Water Temperature   The lower the inlet water temperature, the greater the temperature difference with the high-temperature heat source, the stronger the driving force for heat transfer, the more heat that can be absorbed, and the higher the water production capacity will be. Meanwhile, the setting of the target water temperature will also affect the water production capacity. If a higher target water temperature is required, more heat needs to be absorbed. Under other unchanged conditions, the water production capacity may relatively decrease. For example, when the inlet water temperature is 15°C and the target water temperature is set at 55°C, compared with when the target water temperature is set at 45°C, more heat needs to be absorbed to reach the former, and the water production capacity will decrease accordingly. III. Derivation of the Algorithm Formula for Water Production Capacity   Based on the law of conservation of energy, we can derive the calculation formula for the water production capacity in air compressor waste heat recovery. The heat generated by the air compressor Q₁ = P × t × η₁ (where P is the power of the air compressor, t is the operating time, and η₁ is the heat conversion efficiency of the air compressor, generally ranging from 0.7 to 0.9). Let the specific heat capacity of water be c, the mass of water be m, and the temperature increase of water be ΔT. Then the heat absorbed by water Q₂ = c × m × ΔT. Under ideal conditions, Q₁ = Q₂, so we can get m = P × t × η₁ / (c × ΔT). And the water production capacity V = m / ρ (where ρ is the density of water). After 整理，we can obtain the formula for water production capacity: V = P × t × η₁ / (c × ρ × ΔT). IV. Case Analysis of the Application of Algorithm Standards in Practice   Take a factory in Guangzhou as an example. The factory has installed a 75kW air compressor that operates for 10 hours a day. The heat conversion efficiency of the air compressor is taken as 0.8, the inlet water temperature is 20°C, and the target water temperature is 60°C. The specific heat capacity of water c = 4.2×10³ J/(kg·°C), and the density of water ρ = 1000kg/m³. According to the formula, ΔT = 60 - 20 = 40°C. V = 75×10×0.8 / (4.2×10³×1000×40) × 3600 (converting hours to seconds) ≈ 1.29m³. Through actual measurement, the average daily water production capacity of the air compressor waste heat recovery system in this factory is about 1.25m³, which is relatively close to the theoretical calculation value. This shows that through accurate calculation based on the algorithm standards, it can provide a reliable basis for enterprises to estimate the water production capacity and help enterprises reasonably plan the use of hot water and energy management strategies. V. Summary and Outlook   Accurately grasping the algorithm standards for water production capacity in air compressor waste heat recovery is of great significance for enterprises to optimize energy utilization and improve economic benefits. By deeply analyzing the factors affecting water production capacity, deriving reasonable algorithm formulas, and combining with practical cases for verification, we can better design, operate, and evaluate air compressor waste heat recovery systems. In the future, with the continuous progress of technology, the algorithm standards may be further optimized and improved. Meanwhile, the air compressor waste heat recovery technology will also be widely applied in more industries, contributing greater strength to the green and sustainable development of the industrial field.   Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd. has been committed to the research and development and application of air compressor waste heat recovery technology. We will continue to pay attention to industry trends and provide customers with more accurate and efficient waste heat recovery solutions. If you have any questions or needs regarding air compressor waste heat recovery systems, please feel free to contact us at any time.

In the field of purification projects, the purification effect of cleanrooms is directly related to multiple key aspects such as product quality, production efficiency, and personnel health. Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd., as an experienced enterprise in the purification industry, is well aware of the importance and complexity of evaluating the purification effect. The following will elaborate on the multi-dimensional key points for evaluating the purification effect of cleanrooms in detail. 1. Detection of Dust Particle Concentration   Dust particles are one of the primary pollutants of concern in cleanrooms. Through professional dust particle counters, the number concentration of dust particles with different particle sizes in the workshop can be accurately measured. Generally speaking, according to the cleanliness level standards of cleanrooms, such as the ISO 14644 standard, different levels of workshops have strict concentration limits for particles with specific particle sizes such as 0.1 micrometers, 0.2 micrometers, 0.3 micrometers, 0.5 micrometers, and 5 micrometers. For example, in an ISO 5 cleanroom, the number of dust particles with a particle size of 0.5 micrometers should not exceed 3,520 per cubic meter. Regular detection of dust particle concentration and comparison with the standard values can directly reflect the dust pollution control level in the workshop, which is the basic indicator for evaluating the purification effect. 2. Determination of Microorganism Content   For industries that are sensitive to microorganisms, such as the food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries, the content of microorganisms in cleanrooms is of vital importance. Tools such as airborne microorganism samplers and settle plate for microorganisms can be used to collect and analyze the number of airborne microorganisms and settleable microorganisms in the air of the workshop. For example, in the Grade A clean area of a pharmaceutical workshop, the number of airborne microorganisms should not exceed 1 per cubic meter, and the number of settleable microorganisms should not exceed 1 per plate. The determination results of microorganism content can reflect the degree of sterility in the workshop and are the key basis for measuring the purification effect in terms of microorganism prevention and control. 3. Evaluation of Air Change Rate and Airflow Organization   The air change rate directly affects the renewal frequency of the air in the workshop and the efficiency of diluting and removing pollutants. It is determined by calculating the ratio of the supply air volume to the volume of the workshop. Different purification levels require different air change rates. For example, in an ISO 7 cleanroom, the air change rate is usually 15 - 25 times per hour. Meanwhile, a reasonable airflow organization can ensure that the air is evenly distributed and effectively removes pollutants. Tools such as smoke generators can be used to visually observe the direction of the airflow and judge whether there are dead corners or short circuits in the airflow. The combination of a proper air change rate and an optimized airflow organization is a powerful guarantee for the purification effect. 4. Monitoring of Temperature and Humidity   Although temperature and humidity are not direct purification indicators, they have a profound impact on the environmental stability of the cleanroom and production. Excessively high or low temperature and humidity may lead to increased floating of dust particles, microorganism breeding, or affect the accuracy of the production process. For example, in an electronic chip manufacturing workshop, the suitable temperature is generally 22°C ± 2°C, and the relative humidity is 45% ± 5%. Through real-time monitoring and recording of data by temperature and humidity sensors and ensuring that the temperature and humidity are within the specified ranges, it helps maintain the stability of the overall purification effect. 5. Inspection of Differential Pressure Control   The differential pressure control between different areas of the cleanroom is crucial for preventing the spread of pollutants. A certain positive or negative differential pressure should be maintained between adjacent areas. For example, a positive differential pressure of 10 - 15 pascals is generally maintained between the clean area and the non-clean area to prevent the air from the non-clean area from flowing back into the clean area. By regularly measuring the differential pressure between various areas with differential pressure gauges and ensuring that the differential pressure is stable within the design requirements, this is an important manifestation of the purification effect in terms of area isolation. 6. Detection of Surface Cleanliness   The cleanliness of the surfaces of equipment, walls, floors, etc. in the workshop should not be ignored. Methods such as using surface particle counters or taking swab samples for laboratory analysis can be used to detect the adhesion of dust particles and microorganisms on the surfaces. Smooth, clean, and dust-free surfaces are helpful in reducing the secondary release of pollutants and maintaining the overall purification level of the workshop.   The evaluation of the purification effect of cleanrooms is a comprehensive and systematic task that requires meticulous detection and analysis from multiple aspects. Guangzhou Cleanroom Construction Co., Ltd., relying on advanced testing equipment, a professional technical team, and rich industry experience, can provide customers with comprehensive and accurate purification effect evaluation services, helping customers continuously optimize the operation and management of cleanrooms and ensuring that they are always in an efficient and stable purification state, laying a solid foundation for the production of high-quality products.