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Introduction
Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs) are laboratory equipment designed to protect personnel, the environment, and products from biological hazards. By utilizing high-efficiency air filtration and controlled airflow, BSCs prevent the spread of harmful substances. As a critical component of laboratory safety, the core structure and technical configuration of a BSC determine its performance and effectiveness. This article explores the key structural elements and technical features of biological safety cabinets, helping users better understand their working principles and selection criteria.

1.1 Cabinet Body
The cabinet body is typically made of high-strength stainless steel or cold-rolled steel, offering corrosion resistance, fire protection, and impact resistance. Its internal design must comply with biosafety standards and maintain good airtightness to prevent air leakage or contamination spread.

1.2 Work Surface
The work surface is the primary area for laboratory operations and is generally made of stainless steel or ceramic. It is resistant to acids and bases, corrosion, and easy to clean. Different types of BSCs feature varying work surface layouts. For example, horizontal airflow BSCs are suitable for operations requiring a wider working area, while vertical airflow BSCs are better for concentrated, high-risk manipulations.

1.3 Airflow System
The airflow system is the core component of a BSC, determining both operational efficiency and safety. Main airflow designs include:

• Downflow (vertical airflow): Suitable for handling high-risk biological samples, directing potential contaminants through a bottom filter for safe removal.

• Horizontal airflow: Suitable for lower-risk experiments, forming a protective airflow barrier over the work area to prevent contamination spread.

1.4 High-Efficiency Filters
High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are a key technical component of BSCs. HEPA filters can remove over 99.99% of microscopic particles, ensuring clean air within the cabinet. Air passing through the HEPA filters effectively eliminates harmful microorganisms and particulates, maintaining a safe working environment.

2.1 Air Velocity Control System
Airflow speed is a critical factor affecting the performance of a BSC. Modern cabinets feature intelligent air velocity control systems, ensuring airflow remains within an optimal range. Low airflow can lead to incomplete filtration, while excessive airflow may compromise operational accuracy and personnel safety. Smart control systems automatically adjust airspeed based on environmental changes to maintain optimal working conditions.

2.2 Ultraviolet (UV) Sterilization System
UV lamps are installed at the top of the work area for sterilization purposes. UV light effectively kills bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms, providing an efficient method of surface disinfection. UV sterilization systems can be automatically activated after use, ensuring a sterile work surface for subsequent operations.

2.3 Noise and Vibration Control
High-quality BSCs are equipped with noise reduction and anti-vibration systems. Premium fans and low-noise designs minimize operational disruption for laboratory personnel and reduce noise pollution in the laboratory environment.

2.4 Airtightness and Exhaust System
The exhaust system is crucial for a BSC’s safe operation. A well-designed exhaust system effectively removes hazardous gases and particulates from the cabinet. Compliant BSCs incorporate negative pressure systems to maintain a safe internal environment, preventing harmful gases and microorganisms from escaping into the laboratory.

3.1 Experiment Type and Risk Assessment
When selecting a BSC, the first step is to evaluate the type of experiments conducted in the lab and their associated biological risk levels. Different classes of BSCs are suited for different risk levels. For example, Class II BSCs are appropriate for moderate-risk operations such as handling pathogenic microorganisms, while Class III BSCs are used for high-risk tasks, such as virology experiments.

3.2 Technical Features and Performance Requirements
Key technical features to consider include airflow design, air velocity control, and filtration efficiency. Additionally, factors such as ease of cleaning, corrosion resistance, and long-term durability should be considered to ensure stable and safe operation over time.

Biological safety cabinets are essential protective equipment in laboratories, and their core structure and technical configuration directly impact personnel safety and the reliability of experimental results. Understanding the key components and technical features of BSCs helps users make informed purchasing decisions and ensures smooth and safe laboratory operations.